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It was a very good guide, the scholar instructed the 14 others within the undergraduate seminar I used to be instructing, and it included various glorious illustrations, reminiscent of pictures of related Civil Warfare manuscripts. However, he continued, these weren’t very useful to him, due to course he couldn’t learn cursive.
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Had I heard him appropriately? Who else can’t learn cursive? I requested the category. The reply: about two-thirds. And who can’t write it? Much more. What did they do about signatures? That they had invented them by combining vestiges of no matter cursive instruction they could have had with inventive squiggles and thrives. Amused by my astonishment, the scholars provided reflections in regards to the place—or absence—of handwriting of their lives. As an alternative of the Civil Warfare previous, we discovered ourselves exploring a unique set of historic modifications. In my ignorance, I turned their pupil in addition to a form of historic artifact, a Rip van Winkle confronting a reworked world.
In 2010, cursive was omitted from the brand new nationwide Frequent Core requirements for Ok–12 schooling. The scholars in my class, and their friends, had been then someplace in elementary faculty. Handwriting instruction had already been declining as laptops and tablets and classes in “keyboarding” assumed an ever extra distinguished place within the classroom. Most of my college students remembered getting not more than a yr or so of considerably desultory cursive coaching, which was typically pushed apart by a rising emphasis on “instructing to the check.” Now in faculty, they symbolize the vanguard of a cursiveless world.
Though I used to be unaware of it on the time, the 2010 Frequent Core coverage on cursive had generated an uproar. Jeremiads in regards to the impending decline of civilization appeared in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, The New York Occasions, and elsewhere. Defenders of script argued variously that information of cursive was “a fundamental proper,” a key connection between hand and mind, a necessary type of self-discipline, and a elementary expression of id. Its disappearance would symbolize a craven submission to “the tyranny of ‘relevance.’ ”
Inside a decade, cursive’s embattled advocates had succeeded in passing measures requiring some form of cursive instruction in additional than 20 states. On the similar time, the wrestle for cursive turned a part of a rising, politicized nostalgia for a misplaced previous. In 2016, Louisiana’s state senators reminded their constituents that the Declaration of Independence had been written in cursive and cried out “America!” as they unanimously voted to revive handwriting instruction throughout the state.
But the decline in cursive appears inevitable. Writing is, in spite of everything, a expertise, and most applied sciences are eventually surpassed and changed. As Tamara Plakins Thornton demonstrates in her guide Handwriting in America, it has at all times been affected by altering social and cultural forces. In 18th-century America, writing was the area of the privileged. By legislation or customized, the enslaved had been prohibited from literacy virtually in all places. In New England, practically all women and men might learn; within the South, which had not developed an equal system of widespread colleges, a far decrease proportion of even the white inhabitants might accomplish that. Writing, although, was a lot much less widespread—taught individually and sparingly in colonial America, most frequently to males of standing and duty and to ladies of the higher lessons. Women and men even realized totally different scripts—a decorative hand for women, and an unadorned, extra purposeful kind for the male world of energy and commerce.
The primary half of the nineteenth century noticed a dramatic enhance within the variety of ladies capable of write. By 1860, greater than 90 p.c of the white inhabitants in America might each learn and write. On the similar time, romantic and Victorian notions of subjectivity steadily enhanced the perceived connection between handwriting and id. Penmanship got here to be seen as a marker and expression of the self—of gender and sophistication, to make certain, but in addition of deeper parts of character and soul. The notion of a signature as a singular illustration of a selected particular person step by step got here to be enshrined within the legislation and accepted as reliable authorized proof.
By the flip of the twentieth century, the typewriter had turn out to be sufficiently established to immediate the primary widespread declarations of the obsolescence of handwriting. However it will be an extended demise. In 1956, Look journal pronounced handwriting “out-of-date,” but cursive nonetheless claimed a safe place within the curriculum for many years.
Given a present technology of scholars through which so few can learn or write cursive, one can not assume it would ever once more function an efficient type of communication. I requested my college students in regards to the implications of what that they had instructed me, focusing first on their expertise as college students. No, most of those historical past college students admitted, they might not learn manuscripts. In the event that they had been assigned a analysis paper, they sought topics that relied solely on printed sources. One scholar reshaped his senior honors thesis for this function; one other reported that she didn’t pursue her curiosity in Virginia Woolf for an project that might have concerned studying Woolf’s handwritten letters. Sooner or later, cursive must be taught to students the way in which Elizabethan secretary hand or paleography is as we speak.
I continued questioning: Didn’t professors make handwritten feedback on their papers and exams? Lots of the college students discovered these illegible. Typically they’d ask a trainer to decipher the feedback; extra typically they simply ignored them. Most school, particularly after the distant instruction of the pandemic, now grade on-line. However I puzzled what number of of my colleagues have been dutifully providing handwritten observations with none clue that they’d by no means be learn.
What about handwriting in your private lives? I went on. One scholar reported that he needed to ask his mother and father to “translate” handwritten letters from his grandparents. I requested the scholars in the event that they made grocery lists, stored journals, or wrote thank-you or condolence letters. Virtually all stated sure. Virtually all stated they did so on laptops and telephones or typically on paper in block letters. For a lot of younger folks, “handwriting,” as soon as basically synonymous with cursive, has come to imply the painstaking printing they flip to when necessity dictates.
Throughout my years as Harvard president, I regarded the handwritten notice as a form of superpower. I wrote a whole lot of them and stored a pile of notice playing cards within the upper-left-hand drawer of my desk. They offered a strategy to attain out and say: I’m noticing you. This message of thanks or congratulations or sympathy comes not from some employees particular person or some machine however straight from me. I touched it and hope it touches you. Now I’m wondering what number of recipients of those messages couldn’t learn them.
“There’s something charming about receiving a handwritten notice,” one scholar acknowledged. Did he imply charming like an vintage curiosity? Charming within the sense of magical in its capability to create bodily connections between human minds? Charming as in establishing an aura of the unique, the distinctive, and the genuine? Maybe all of those. One’s handwriting is an expression, an providing of self. Crowds nonetheless throng athletes, politicians, and rock stars for autographs. We’ve not but deserted our attraction to handwriting as a illustration of presence: George Washington, or Beyoncé, or David Ortiz wrote right here!
There may be an excessive amount of the previous we’re higher off with out, simply as there’s a lot to have a good time within the gadgets which have served because the automobiles of cursive’s demise. However there are risks in cursive’s loss. College students will miss the thrill and inspiration that I’ve seen them expertise as they work together with the bodily embodiment of ideas and concepts voiced by an individual lengthy since silenced by dying. Handwriting could make the previous appear virtually alive within the current.
Within the papers of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., I as soon as discovered a small fragment together with his scribbled identify and his father’s deal with. Holmes had emphasised the importance of this small piece of paper by attaching it to a bigger web page with an extended notice—additionally in his personal hand—which he saved as a relic for posterity. He had written the phrases in 1862 on the battlefield of Antietam, the place he had been wounded, he defined, and had pinned the paper to his uniform lest he turn out to be one of many Civil Warfare’s numerous Unknown.
However typically handwritten paperwork inform tales that their creators neither meant nor understood. James Henry Hammond maintained a ledger through which he stored scrawled data of the births and deaths of the enslaved inhabitants on his South Carolina plantation. As a result of he included the names of the newborns’ mother and father and sometimes some extra commentary, it was potential for me to reconstruct household ties amongst generations of individuals forbidden to maintain their very own written historical past. At one level, Hammond bought an 8-year-old boy named Sam Jones to work in the home, altering his identify to “Wesley” within the course of. Almost three many years later, Hammond recorded the start of a son to Wesley—a baby to whom Wesley had given the identify “Sam Jones.” As he recorded the child’s start, Hammond was in all probability unaware of Sam/Wesley’s act of reminiscence and resistance. Greater than a century and a half later, we are able to nonetheless say Sam Jones’s identify.
All of us, not simply college students and students, might be affected by cursive’s loss. The lack to learn handwriting deprives society of direct entry to its personal previous. We are going to turn out to be reliant on a small group of educated translators and specialists to report what historical past—together with the paperwork and papers of our personal households—was about. The unfold of literacy within the early trendy West was pushed by folks’s want to learn God’s phrase for themselves, to be empowered by an expertise of unmediated connection. The abandonment of cursive represents a curious reverse parallel: We’re shedding a connection, and thereby disempowering ourselves.
On the final day of sophistication, a scholar got here as much as me with a replica of one in all my books and requested me to signal it. I wrote an inscription that included not simply his identify and mine, however thanks for his many contributions to the seminar. Then I requested, just a little wistfully, if he’d like me to learn it to him.
This text seems within the October 2022 print version with the headline “Cursive Is Historical past.” If you purchase a guide utilizing a hyperlink on this web page, we obtain a fee. Thanks for supporting The Atlantic.
